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.\"Ruby is copyrighted by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>. .Dd November 7, 2012 .Dt RUBY(1) "" "Ruby Programmers Reference Guide" .\".Dt RUBY 1 .Os UNIX .Sh NAME .Nm ruby .Nd Interpreted object-oriented scripting language .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl -copyright .Op Fl -version .Op Fl SUacdlnpswvy .Op Fl 0 Ns Op Ar octal .Op Fl C Ar directory .Op Fl E Ar external Ns Op : Ns Ar internal .Op Fl F Ar pattern .Op Fl I Ar directory .Op Fl K Ar c .Op Fl T Ns Op Ar level .Op Fl W Ns Op Ar level .Op Fl e Ar command .Op Fl i Ns Op Ar extension .Op Fl r Ar library .Op Fl x Ns Op Ar directory .Op - Ns Bro Cm enable Ns | Ns Cm disable Brc Ns - Ns Ar FEATURE .Op Fl -dump Ns = Ns Ar target .Op Fl -verbose .Op Fl - .Op Ar program_file .Op Ar argument ... .Sh DESCRIPTION Ruby is an interpreted scripting language for quick and easy object-oriented programming. It has many features to process text files and to do system management tasks (like in Perl). It is simple, straight-forward, and extensible. .Pp If you want a language for easy object-oriented programming, or you don't like the Perl ugliness, or you do like the concept of LISP, but don't like too many parentheses, Ruby might be your language of choice. .Sh FEATURES Ruby's features are as follows: .Bl -tag -width 6n .It Sy "Interpretive" Ruby is an interpreted language, so you don't have to recompile programs written in Ruby to execute them. .Pp .It Sy "Variables have no type (dynamic typing)" Variables in Ruby can contain data of any type. You don't have to worry about variable typing. Consequently, it has a weaker compile time check. .Pp .It Sy "No declaration needed" You can use variables in your Ruby programs without any declarations. Variable names denote their scope - global, class, instance, or local. .Pp .It Sy "Simple syntax" Ruby has a simple syntax influenced slightly from Eiffel. .Pp .It Sy "No user-level memory management" Ruby has automatic memory management. Objects no longer referenced from anywhere are automatically collected by the garbage collector built into the interpreter. .Pp .It Sy "Everything is an object" Ruby is a purely object-oriented language, and was so since its creation. Even such basic data as integers are seen as objects. .Pp .It Sy "Class, inheritance, and methods" Being an object-oriented language, Ruby naturally has basic features like classes, inheritance, and methods. .Pp .It Sy "Singleton methods" Ruby has the ability to define methods for certain objects. For example, you can define a press-button action for certain widget by defining a singleton method for the button. Or, you can make up your own prototype based object system using singleton methods, if you want to. .Pp .It Sy "Mix-in by modules" Ruby intentionally does not have the multiple inheritance as it is a source of confusion. Instead, Ruby has the ability to share implementations across the inheritance tree. This is often called a .Sq Mix-in . .Pp .It Sy "Iterators" Ruby has iterators for loop abstraction. .Pp .It Sy "Closures" In Ruby, you can objectify the procedure. .Pp .It Sy "Text processing and regular expressions" Ruby has a bunch of text processing features like in Perl. .Pp .It Sy "M17N, character set independent" Ruby supports multilingualized programming. Easy to process texts written in many different natural languages and encoded in many different character encodings, without dependence on Unicode. .Pp .It Sy "Bignums" With built-in bignums, you can for example calculate factorial(400). .Pp .It Sy "Reflection and domain specific languages" Class is also an instance of the Class class. Definition of classes and methods is an expression just as 1+1 is. So your programs can even write and modify programs. Thus you can write your application in your own programming language on top of Ruby. .Pp .It Sy "Exception handling" As in Java(tm). .Pp .It Sy "Direct access to the OS" Ruby can use most .Ux system calls, often used in system programming. .Pp .It Sy "Dynamic loading" On most .Ux systems, you can load object files into the Ruby interpreter on-the-fly. .It Sy "Rich libraries" Libraries called "builtin libraries" and "standard libraries" are bundled with Ruby. And you can obtain more libraries via the package management system called `RubyGems'. .Pp Moreover there are thousands of Ruby projects on GitHub .Aq Pa https://github.com/languages/Ruby . .El .Pp .Sh OPTIONS Ruby interpreter accepts following command-line options (switches). They are quite similar to those of .Xr perl 1 . .Bl -tag -width "1234567890123" -compact .Pp .It Fl -copyright Prints the copyright notice. .Pp .It Fl -version Prints the version of Ruby interpreter. .Pp .It Fl 0 Ns Op Ar octal (The digit .Dq zero . ) Specifies the input record separator .Pf ( Li "$/" ) as an octal number. If no digit is given, the null character is taken as the separator. Other switches may follow the digits. .Fl 00 turns Ruby into paragraph mode. .Fl 0777 makes Ruby read whole file at once as a single string since there is no legal character with that value. .Pp .It Fl C Ar directory .It Fl X Ar directory Causes Ruby to switch to the directory. .Pp .It Fl E Ar external Ns Op : Ns Ar internal .It Fl -encoding Ar external Ns Op : Ns Ar internal Specifies the default value(s) for external encodings and internal encoding. Values should be separated with colon (:). .Pp You can omit the one for internal encodings, then the value .Pf ( Li "Encoding.default_internal" ) will be nil. .Pp .It Fl -external-encoding Ns = Ns Ar encoding .It Fl -internal-encoding Ns = Ns Ar encoding Specify the default external or internal character encoding .Pp .It Fl F Ar pattern Specifies input field separator .Pf ( Li "$;" ) . .Pp .It Fl I Ar directory Used to tell Ruby where to load the library scripts. Directory path will be added to the load-path variable .Pf ( Li "$:" ) . .Pp .It Fl K Ar kcode Specifies KANJI (Japanese) encoding. The default value for script encodings .Pf ( Li "__ENCODING__" ) and external encodings ( Li "Encoding.default_external" ) will be the specified one. .Ar kcode can be one of .Bl -hang -offset indent .It Sy e EUC-JP .Pp .It Sy s Windows-31J (CP932) .Pp .It Sy u UTF-8 .Pp .It Sy n ASCII-8BIT (BINARY) .El .Pp .It Fl S Makes Ruby use the .Ev PATH environment variable to search for script, unless its name begins with a slash. This is used to emulate .Li #! on machines that don't support it, in the following manner: .Bd -literal -offset indent #! /usr/local/bin/ruby # This line makes the next one a comment in Ruby \e exec /usr/local/bin/ruby -S $0 $* .Ed .Pp .It Fl T Ns Op Ar level=1 Turns on taint checks at the specified level (default 1). .Pp .It Fl U Sets the default value for internal encodings .Pf ( Li "Encoding.default_internal" ) to UTF-8. .Pp .It Fl W Ns Op Ar level=2 Turns on verbose mode at the specified level without printing the version message at the beginning. The level can be; .Bl -hang -offset indent .It Sy 0 Verbose mode is "silence". It sets the .Li "$VERBOSE" to nil. .Pp .It Sy 1 Verbose mode is "medium". It sets the .Li "$VERBOSE" to false. .Pp .It Sy 2 (default) Verbose mode is "verbose". It sets the .Li "$VERBOSE" to true. .Fl W Ns 2 is same as .Fl w . .El .Pp .It Fl a Turns on auto-split mode when used with .Fl n or .Fl p . In auto-split mode, Ruby executes .Dl $F = $_.split at beginning of each loop. .Pp .It Fl c Causes Ruby to check the syntax of the script and exit without executing. If there are no syntax errors, Ruby will print .Dq Syntax OK to the standard output. .Pp .It Fl d .It Fl -debug Turns on debug mode. .Li "$DEBUG" will be set to true. .Pp .It Fl e Ar command Specifies script from command-line while telling Ruby not to search the rest of the arguments for a script file name. .Pp .It Fl h .It Fl -help Prints a summary of the options. .Pp .It Fl i Ar extension Specifies in-place-edit mode. The extension, if specified, is added to old file name to make a backup copy. For example: .Bd -literal -offset indent % echo matz > /tmp/junk % cat /tmp/junk matz % ruby -p -i.bak -e '$_.upcase!' /tmp/junk % cat /tmp/junk MATZ % cat /tmp/junk.bak matz .Ed .Pp .It Fl l (The lowercase letter .Dq ell . ) Enables automatic line-ending processing, which means to firstly set .Li "$\e" to the value of .Li "$/" , and secondly chops every line read using .Li chop! . .Pp .It Fl n Causes Ruby to assume the following loop around your script, which makes it iterate over file name arguments somewhat like .Nm sed .Fl n or .Nm awk . .Bd -literal -offset indent while gets ... end .Ed .Pp .It Fl p Acts mostly same as -n switch, but print the value of variable .Li "$_" at the each end of the loop. For example: .Bd -literal -offset indent % echo matz | ruby -p -e '$_.tr! "a-z", "A-Z"' MATZ .Ed .Pp .It Fl r Ar library Causes Ruby to load the library using require. It is useful when using .Fl n or .Fl p . .Pp .It Fl s Enables some switch parsing for switches after script name but before any file name arguments (or before a .Fl - ) . Any switches found there are removed from .Li ARGV and set the corresponding variable in the script. For example: .Bd -literal -offset indent #! /usr/local/bin/ruby -s # prints "true" if invoked with `-xyz' switch. print "true\en" if $xyz .Ed .Pp On some systems .Li "$0" does not always contain the full pathname, so you need the .Fl S switch to tell Ruby to search for the script if necessary (to handle embedded spaces and such). A better construct than .Li "$*" would be .Li ${1+"$@"} , but it does not work if the script is being interpreted by .Xr csh 1 . .Pp .It Fl v Enables verbose mode. Ruby will print its version at the beginning and set the variable .Li "$VERBOSE" to true. Some methods print extra messages if this variable is true. If this switch is given, and no other switches are present, Ruby quits after printing its version. .Pp .It Fl w Enables verbose mode without printing version message at the beginning. It sets the .Li "$VERBOSE" variable to true. .Pp .It Fl x Ns Op Ar directory Tells Ruby that the script is embedded in a message. Leading garbage will be discarded until the first line that starts with .Dq #! and contains the string, .Dq ruby . Any meaningful switches on that line will be applied. The end of the script must be specified with either .Li EOF , .Li "^D" ( Li "control-D" ) , .Li "^Z" ( Li "control-Z" ) , or the reserved word .Li __END__ . If the directory name is specified, Ruby will switch to that directory before executing script. .Pp .It Fl y .It Fl -yydebug DO NOT USE. .Pp Turns on compiler debug mode. Ruby will print a bunch of internal state messages during compilation. Only specify this switch you are going to debug the Ruby interpreter. .Pp .It Fl -disable- Ns Ar FEATURE .It Fl -enable- Ns Ar FEATURE Disables (or enables) the specified .Ar FEATURE Ns \&. .Bl -tag -width "--disable-rubyopt" -compact .It Fl -disable-gems .It Fl -enable-gems Disables (or enables) RubyGems libraries. By default, Ruby will load the latest version of each installed gem. The .Li Gem constant is true if RubyGems is enabled, false if otherwise. .Pp .It Fl -disable-rubyopt .It Fl -enable-rubyopt Ignores (or considers) the .Ev RUBYOPT environment variable. By default, Ruby considers the variable. .Pp .It Fl -disable-all .It Fl -enable-all Disables (or enables) all features. .Pp .El .Pp .It Fl -dump Ns = Ns Ar target DO NOT USE. .Pp Prints the specified target. .Ar target can be one of; .Bl -hang -offset indent .It Sy insns disassembled instructions .Pp .El .Pp Only specify this switch if you are going to debug the Ruby interpreter. .Pp .It Fl -verbose Enables verbose mode without printing version message at the beginning. It sets the .Li "$VERBOSE" variable to true. If this switch is given, and no other switches are present, Ruby quits after printing its version. .El .Pp .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Bl -tag -width "RUBYSHELL" -compact .It Ev RUBYLIB A colon-separated list of directories that are added to Ruby's library load path .Pf ( Li "$:" ) . Directories from this environment variable are searched before the standard load path is searched. .Pp e.g.: .Dl RUBYLIB="$HOME/lib/ruby:$HOME/lib/rubyext" .Pp .It Ev RUBYOPT Additional Ruby options. .Pp e.g. .Dl RUBYOPT="-w -Ke" .Pp Note that RUBYOPT can contain only .Fl d , Fl E , Fl I , Fl K , Fl r , Fl T , Fl U , Fl v , Fl w , Fl W, Fl -debug , .Fl -disable- Ns Ar FEATURE and .Fl -enable- Ns Ar FEATURE . .Pp .It Ev RUBYPATH A colon-separated list of directories that Ruby searches for Ruby programs when the .Fl S flag is specified. This variable precedes the .Ev PATH environment variable. .Pp .It Ev RUBYSHELL The path to the system shell command. This environment variable is enabled for only mswin32, mingw32, and OS/2 platforms. If this variable is not defined, Ruby refers to .Ev COMSPEC . .Pp .It Ev PATH Ruby refers to the .Ev PATH environment variable on calling Kernel#system. .El .Pp And Ruby depends on some RubyGems related environment variables unless RubyGems is disabled. See the help of .Xr gem 1 as below. .Bd -literal -offset indent % gem help .Ed .Pp .Sh GC ENVIRONMENT The Ruby garbage collector (GC) tracks objects in fixed-sized slots, but each object may have auxiliary memory allocations handled by the malloc family of C standard library calls ( .Xr malloc 3 , .Xr calloc 3 , and .Xr realloc 3 ) . In this documentatation, the "heap" refers to the Ruby object heap of fixed-sized slots, while "malloc" refers to auxiliary allocations commonly referred to as the "process heap". Thus there are at least two possible ways to trigger GC: .Bl -hang -offset indent .It Sy 1 Reaching the object limit. .It Sy 2 Reaching the malloc limit. .Pp .El In Ruby 2.1, the generational GC was introduced and the limits are divided into young and old generations, providing two additional ways to trigger a GC: .Bl -hang -offset indent .It Sy 3 Reaching the old object limit. .It Sy 4 Reaching the old malloc limit. .El .Pp There are currently 4 possible areas where the GC may be tuned by the the following 11 environment variables: .Bl -hang -compact -width "RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR" .It Ev RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS Initial allocation slots. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 10000. .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS Prepare at least this amount of slots after GC. Allocate this number slots if there are not enough slots. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 4096 .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_FACTOR Increase allocation rate of heap slots by this factor. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 1.8, minimum: 1.0 (no growth) .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_MAX_SLOTS Allocation rate is limited to this number of slots, preventing excessive allocation due to RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_FACTOR. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 0 (no limit) .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_HEAP_OLDOBJECT_LIMIT_FACTOR Perform a full GC when the number of old objects is more than R * N, where R is this factor and N is the number of old objects after the last full GC. Introduced in Ruby 2.1.1, default: 2.0 .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT The initial limit of young generation allocation from the malloc-family. GC will start when this limit is reached. Default: 16MB .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_MAX The maximum limit of young generation allocation from malloc before GC starts. Prevents excessive malloc growth due to RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 32MB. .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR Increases the limit of young generation malloc calls, reducing GC frequency but increasing malloc growth until RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_MAX is reached. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 1.4, minimum: 1.0 (no growth) .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT The initial limit of old generation allocation from malloc, a full GC will start when this limit is reached. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 16MB .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_MAX The maximum limit of old generation allocation from malloc before a full GC starts. Prevents excessive malloc growth due to RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 128MB .Pp .It Ev RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR Increases the limit of old generation malloc allocation, reducing full GC frequency but increasing malloc growth until RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT_MAX is reached. Introduced in Ruby 2.1, default: 1.2, minimum: 1.0 (no growth) .Pp .El .Sh STACK SIZE ENVIRONMENT Stack size environment variables are implementation-dependent and subject to change with different versions of Ruby. The VM stack is used for pure-Ruby code and managed by the virtual machine. Machine stack is used by the operating system and its usage is dependent on C extensions as well as C compiler options. Using lower values for these may allow applications to keep more Fibers or Threads running; but increases the chance of SystemStackError exceptions and segmentation faults (SIGSEGV). These environment variables are available since Ruby 2.0.0. All values are specified in bytes. .Pp .Bl -hang -compact -width "RUBY_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE" .It Ev RUBY_THREAD_VM_STACK_SIZE VM stack size used at thread creation. default: 131072 (32-bit CPU) or 262144 (64-bit) .Pp .It Ev RUBY_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE Machine stack size used at thread creation. default: 524288 or 1048575 .Pp .It Ev RUBY_FIBER_VM_STACK_SIZE VM stack size used at fiber creation. default: 65536 or 131072 .Pp .It Ev RUBY_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE Machine stack size used at fiber creation. default: 262144 or 524288 .Pp .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Bl -hang -compact -width "http://www.ruby-lang.org/123" .It https://www.ruby-lang.org/ The official web site. .It https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/ Comprehensive catalog of Ruby libraries. .El .Pp .Sh REPORTING BUGS .Bl -bullet .Li Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to .Aq security@ruby-lang.org Ns .Li . Reported problems will be published after they've been fixed. .Pp .Li And you can report other bugs and feature requests via the Ruby Issue Tracking System (https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/). Do not report security vulnerabilities via the system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately. .El .Sh AUTHORS Ruby is designed and implemented by .An Yukihiro Matsumoto Aq matz@netlab.jp . .Pp See .Aq Pa https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/Contributors for contributors to Ruby.