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Schema validation just got Pythonic
===============================================================================

**schema** is a library for validating Python data structures, such as those
obtained from config-files, forms, external services or command-line
parsing, converted from JSON/YAML (or something else) to Python data-types.


.. image:: https://secure.travis-ci.org/keleshev/schema.svg?branch=master
    :target: https://travis-ci.org/keleshev/schema

.. image:: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/keleshev/schema.svg
    :target: http://codecov.io/github/keleshev/schema

Example
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here is a quick example to get a feeling of **schema**, validating a list of
entries with personal information:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Schema, And, Use, Optional

    >>> schema = Schema([{'name': And(str, len),
    ...                   'age':  And(Use(int), lambda n: 18 <= n <= 99),
    ...                   Optional('gender'): And(str, Use(str.lower),
    ...                                           lambda s: s in ('squid', 'kid'))}])

    >>> data = [{'name': 'Sue', 'age': '28', 'gender': 'Squid'},
    ...         {'name': 'Sam', 'age': '42'},
    ...         {'name': 'Sacha', 'age': '20', 'gender': 'KID'}]

    >>> validated = schema.validate(data)

    >>> assert validated == [{'name': 'Sue', 'age': 28, 'gender': 'squid'},
    ...                      {'name': 'Sam', 'age': 42},
    ...                      {'name': 'Sacha', 'age' : 20, 'gender': 'kid'}]


If data is valid, ``Schema.validate`` will return the validated data
(optionally converted with `Use` calls, see below).

If data is invalid, ``Schema`` will raise ``SchemaError`` exception.
If you just want to check that the data is valid, ``schema.is_valid(data)`` will
return ``True`` or ``False``.


Installation
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Use `pip <http://pip-installer.org>`_ or easy_install::

    pip install schema

Alternatively, you can just drop ``schema.py`` file into your project—it is
self-contained.

- **schema** is tested with Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 and PyPy.
- **schema** follows `semantic versioning <http://semver.org>`_.

How ``Schema`` validates data
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Types
~~~~~

If ``Schema(...)`` encounters a type (such as ``int``, ``str``, ``object``,
etc.), it will check if the corresponding piece of data is an instance of that type,
otherwise it will raise ``SchemaError``.

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Schema

    >>> Schema(int).validate(123)
    123

    >>> Schema(int).validate('123')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaUnexpectedTypeError: '123' should be instance of 'int'

    >>> Schema(object).validate('hai')
    'hai'

Callables
~~~~~~~~~

If ``Schema(...)`` encounters a callable (function, class, or object with
``__call__`` method) it will call it, and if its return value evaluates to
``True`` it will continue validating, else—it will raise ``SchemaError``.

.. code:: python

    >>> import os

    >>> Schema(os.path.exists).validate('./')
    './'

    >>> Schema(os.path.exists).validate('./non-existent/')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaError: exists('./non-existent/') should evaluate to True

    >>> Schema(lambda n: n > 0).validate(123)
    123

    >>> Schema(lambda n: n > 0).validate(-12)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaError: <lambda>(-12) should evaluate to True

"Validatables"
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If ``Schema(...)`` encounters an object with method ``validate`` it will run
this method on corresponding data as ``data = obj.validate(data)``. This method
may raise ``SchemaError`` exception, which will tell ``Schema`` that that piece
of data is invalid, otherwise—it will continue validating.

An example of "validatable" is ``Regex``, that tries to match a string or a
buffer with the given regular expression (itself as a string, buffer or
compiled regex ``SRE_Pattern``):

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Regex
    >>> import re

    >>> Regex(r'^foo').validate('foobar')
    'foobar'

    >>> Regex(r'^[A-Z]+$', flags=re.I).validate('those-dashes-dont-match')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaError: Regex('^[A-Z]+$', flags=re.IGNORECASE) does not match 'those-dashes-dont-match'

For a more general case, you can use ``Use`` for creating such objects.
``Use`` helps to use a function or type to convert a value while validating it:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Use

    >>> Schema(Use(int)).validate('123')
    123

    >>> Schema(Use(lambda f: open(f, 'a'))).validate('LICENSE-MIT')
    <open file 'LICENSE-MIT', mode 'a' at 0x...>

Dropping the details, ``Use`` is basically:

.. code:: python

    class Use(object):

        def __init__(self, callable_):
            self._callable = callable_

        def validate(self, data):
            try:
                return self._callable(data)
            except Exception as e:
                raise SchemaError('%r raised %r' % (self._callable.__name__, e))


Sometimes you need to transform and validate part of data, but keep original data unchanged.
``Const`` helps to keep your data safe:

.. code:: python

    >> from schema import Use, Const, And, Schema

    >> from datetime import datetime

    >> is_future = lambda date: datetime.now() > date

    >> to_json = lambda v: {"timestamp": v}

    >> Schema(And(Const(And(Use(datetime.fromtimestamp), is_future)), Use(to_json))).validate(1234567890)
    {"timestamp": 1234567890}

Now you can write your own validation-aware classes and data types.

Lists, similar containers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If ``Schema(...)`` encounters an instance of ``list``, ``tuple``, ``set`` or
``frozenset``, it will validate contents of corresponding data container
against schemas listed inside that container:


.. code:: python

    >>> Schema([1, 0]).validate([1, 1, 0, 1])
    [1, 1, 0, 1]

    >>> Schema((int, float)).validate((5, 7, 8, 'not int or float here'))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaError: Or(<type 'int'>, <type 'float'>) did not validate 'not int or float here'
    'not int or float here' should be instance of 'float'

Dictionaries
~~~~~~~~~~~~

If ``Schema(...)`` encounters an instance of ``dict``, it will validate data
key-value pairs:

.. code:: python

    >>> d = Schema({'name': str,
    ...             'age': lambda n: 18 <= n <= 99}).validate({'name': 'Sue', 'age': 28})

    >>> assert d == {'name': 'Sue', 'age': 28}

You can specify keys as schemas too:

.. code:: python

    >>> schema = Schema({str: int,  # string keys should have integer values
    ...                  int: None})  # int keys should be always None

    >>> data = schema.validate({'key1': 1, 'key2': 2,
    ...                         10: None, 20: None})

    >>> schema.validate({'key1': 1,
    ...                   10: 'not None here'})
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaError: Key '10' error:
    None does not match 'not None here'

This is useful if you want to check certain key-values, but don't care
about others:

.. code:: python

    >>> schema = Schema({'<id>': int,
    ...                  '<file>': Use(open),
    ...                  str: object})  # don't care about other str keys

    >>> data = schema.validate({'<id>': 10,
    ...                         '<file>': 'README.rst',
    ...                         '--verbose': True})

You can mark a key as optional as follows:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Optional
    >>> Schema({'name': str,
    ...         Optional('occupation'): str}).validate({'name': 'Sam'})
    {'name': 'Sam'}

``Optional`` keys can also carry a ``default``, to be used when no key in the
data matches:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Optional
    >>> Schema({Optional('color', default='blue'): str,
    ...         str: str}).validate({'texture': 'furry'}
    ...       ) == {'color': 'blue', 'texture': 'furry'}
    True

Defaults are used verbatim, not passed through any validators specified in the
value.

default can also be a callable:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Schema, Optional
    >>> Schema({Optional('data', default=dict): {}}).validate({}) == {'data': {}}
    True

Also, a caveat: If you specify types, **schema** won't validate the empty dict:

.. code:: python

    >>> Schema({int:int}).is_valid({})
    False

To do that, you need ``Schema(Or({int:int}, {}))``. This is unlike what happens with
lists, where ``Schema([int]).is_valid([])`` will return True.


**schema** has classes ``And`` and ``Or`` that help validating several schemas
for the same data:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import And, Or

    >>> Schema({'age': And(int, lambda n: 0 < n < 99)}).validate({'age': 7})
    {'age': 7}

    >>> Schema({'password': And(str, lambda s: len(s) > 6)}).validate({'password': 'hai'})
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaError: Key 'password' error:
    <lambda>('hai') should evaluate to True

    >>> Schema(And(Or(int, float), lambda x: x > 0)).validate(3.1415)
    3.1415

In a dictionary, you can also combine two keys in a "one or the other" manner. To do
so, use the `Or` class as a key:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Or, Schema
    >>> schema = Schema({
    ...    Or("key1", "key2", only_one=True): str
    ... })

    >>> schema.validate({"key1": "test"}) # Ok
    {'key1': 'test'}

    >>> schema.validate({"key1": "test", "key2": "test"}) # SchemaError
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaOnlyOneAllowedError: There are multiple keys present from the Or('key1', 'key2') condition

Hooks
~~~~~~~~~~
You can define hooks which are functions that are executed whenever a valid key:value is found. 
The `Forbidden` class is an example of this.

You can mark a key as forbidden as follows:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Forbidden
    >>> Schema({Forbidden('age'): object}).validate({'age': 50})
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaForbiddenKeyError: Forbidden key encountered: 'age' in {'age': 50}

A few things are worth noting. First, the value paired with the forbidden
key determines whether it will be rejected:

.. code:: python

    >>> Schema({Forbidden('age'): str, 'age': int}).validate({'age': 50})
    {'age': 50}

Note: if we hadn't supplied the 'age' key here, the call would have failed too, but with
SchemaWrongKeyError, not SchemaForbiddenKeyError.

Second, Forbidden has a higher priority than standard keys, and consequently than Optional.
This means we can do that:

.. code:: python

    >>> Schema({Forbidden('age'): object, Optional(str): object}).validate({'age': 50})
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaForbiddenKeyError: Forbidden key encountered: 'age' in {'age': 50}

You can also define your own hooks. The following hook will call `_my_function` if `key` is encountered.

.. code:: python

    from schema import Hook
    def _my_function(key, scope, error):
        print(key, scope, error)

    Hook("key", handler=_my_function)

Here's an example where a `Deprecated` class is added to log warnings whenever a key is encountered:

.. code:: python

    from schema import Hook, Schema
    class Deprecated(Hook):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            kwargs["handler"] = lambda key, *args: logging.warn(f"`{key}` is deprecated. " + (self._error or ""))
            super(Deprecated, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    Schema({Deprecated("test", "custom error message."): object}, ignore_extra_keys=True).validate({"test": "value"})
    ...
    WARNING: `test` is deprecated. custom error message.

Extra Keys
~~~~~~~~~~

The ``Schema(...)`` parameter ``ignore_extra_keys`` causes validation to ignore extra keys in a dictionary, and also to not return them after validating.

.. code:: python

    >>> schema = Schema({'name': str}, ignore_extra_keys=True)
    >>> schema.validate({'name': 'Sam', 'age': '42'})
    {'name': 'Sam'}

If you would like any extra keys returned, use ``object: object`` as one of the key/value pairs, which will match any key and any value.
Otherwise, extra keys will raise a ``SchemaError``.

User-friendly error reporting
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You can pass a keyword argument ``error`` to any of validatable classes
(such as ``Schema``, ``And``, ``Or``, ``Regex``, ``Use``) to report this error
instead of a built-in one.

.. code:: python

    >>> Schema(Use(int, error='Invalid year')).validate('XVII')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    SchemaError: Invalid year

You can see all errors that occurred by accessing exception's ``exc.autos``
for auto-generated error messages, and ``exc.errors`` for errors
which had ``error`` text passed to them.

You can exit with ``sys.exit(exc.code)`` if you want to show the messages
to the user without traceback. ``error`` messages are given precedence in that
case.

A JSON API example
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here is a quick example: validation of
`create a gist <http://developer.github.com/v3/gists/>`_
request from github API.

.. code:: python

    >>> gist = '''{"description": "the description for this gist",
    ...            "public": true,
    ...            "files": {
    ...                "file1.txt": {"content": "String file contents"},
    ...                "other.txt": {"content": "Another file contents"}}}'''

    >>> from schema import Schema, And, Use, Optional

    >>> import json

    >>> gist_schema = Schema(And(Use(json.loads),  # first convert from JSON
    ...                          # use basestring since json returns unicode
    ...                          {Optional('description'): basestring,
    ...                           'public': bool,
    ...                           'files': {basestring: {'content': basestring}}}))

    >>> gist = gist_schema.validate(gist)

    # gist:
    {u'description': u'the description for this gist',
     u'files': {u'file1.txt': {u'content': u'String file contents'},
                u'other.txt': {u'content': u'Another file contents'}},
     u'public': True}

Using **schema** with `docopt <http://github.com/docopt/docopt>`_
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assume you are using **docopt** with the following usage-pattern:

    Usage: my_program.py [--count=N] <path> <files>...

and you would like to validate that ``<files>`` are readable, and that
``<path>`` exists, and that ``--count`` is either integer from 0 to 5, or
``None``.

Assuming **docopt** returns the following dict:

.. code:: python

    >>> args = {'<files>': ['LICENSE-MIT', 'setup.py'],
    ...         '<path>': '../',
    ...         '--count': '3'}

this is how you validate it using ``schema``:

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Schema, And, Or, Use
    >>> import os

    >>> s = Schema({'<files>': [Use(open)],
    ...             '<path>': os.path.exists,
    ...             '--count': Or(None, And(Use(int), lambda n: 0 < n < 5))})

    >>> args = s.validate(args)

    >>> args['<files>']
    [<open file 'LICENSE-MIT', mode 'r' at 0x...>, <open file 'setup.py', mode 'r' at 0x...>]

    >>> args['<path>']
    '../'

    >>> args['--count']
    3

As you can see, **schema** validated data successfully, opened files and
converted ``'3'`` to ``int``.

JSON schema
-----------

You can also generate standard `draft-07 JSON schema <https://json-schema.org/>`_ from a dict ``Schema``.
This can be used to add word completion, validation, and documentation directly in code editors.
The output schema can also be used with JSON schema compatible libraries.

JSON: Generating
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Just define your schema normally and call ``.json_schema()`` on it. The output is a Python dict, you need to dump it to JSON.

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Optional, Schema
    >>> import json
    >>> s = Schema({"test": str,
    ...             "nested": {Optional("other"): str}
    ...             })
    >>> json_schema = json.dumps(s.json_schema("https://example.com/my-schema.json"))

    # json_schema
    {
        "type":"object",
        "properties": {
            "test": {"type": "string"},
            "nested": {
                "type":"object",
                "properties": {
                    "other": {"type": "string"}
                },
                "required": [],
                "additionalProperties": false
            }
        },
        "required":[
            "test",
            "nested"
        ],
        "additionalProperties":false,
        "$id":"https://example.com/my-schema.json",
        "$schema":"http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#"
    }

You can add descriptions for the schema elements using the ``Literal`` object instead of a string. The main schema can also have a description.

These will appear in IDEs to help your users write a configuration.

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Literal, Schema
    >>> import json
    >>> s = Schema({Literal("project_name", description="Names must be unique"): str}, description="Project schema")
    >>> json_schema = json.dumps(s.json_schema("https://example.com/my-schema.json"), indent=4)

    # json_schema
    {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "project_name": {
                "description": "Names must be unique",
                "type": "string"
            }
        },
        "required": [
            "project_name"
        ],
        "additionalProperties": false,
        "$id": "https://example.com/my-schema.json",
        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
        "description": "Project schema"
    }


JSON: Supported validations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The main schema must be a dict. i.e. ``Schema({"test": str})`` works but ``Schema(str)`` does not.
The following examples will assume the main schema is a dict.

The resulting JSON schema is not guaranteed to accept the same objects as the library would accept, since some validations are not implemented or
have no JSON schema equivalent. This is the case of the ``Use`` and ``Hook`` objects for example.

Implemented
'''''''''''

`Object properties <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/object.html#properties>`_
    Use a dict literal. The dict keys are the JSON schema properties.

    Example:

    ``Schema({"test": str})``

    becomes

    ``{'type': 'object', 'properties': {'test': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['test'], 'additionalProperties': False}``.

    Please note that attributes are required by default. To create optional attributes use ``Optional``, like so:

    ``Schema({Optional("test"): str})``

    becomes

    ``{'type': 'object', 'properties': {'test': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': [], 'additionalProperties': False}``

Types
    Use the Python type name directly. It will be converted to the JSON name:

    - ``str`` -> `string <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/string.html>`_
    - ``int`` -> `integer <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/numeric.html#integer>`_
    - ``float`` -> `number <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/numeric.html#number>`_
    - ``bool`` -> `boolean <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/boolean.html>`_
    - ``list`` -> `array <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/array.html>`_
    - ``dict`` -> `object <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/object.html>`_

    Example:

    ``Schema(float)``

    becomes

    ``{"type": "number"}``

`Array items <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/array.html#items>`_
    Surround a schema with ``[]``.

    Example:

    ``Schema([str])`` means an array of string and becomes:

    ``{'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}``

`Enumerated values <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/generic.html#enumerated-values>`_
    List the accepted values.

    Example:

    ``Schema([1, 2, 3])`` becomes

    ``{"enum": [1, 2, 3]}``

`Constant values <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/generic.html#constant-values>`_
    Use the value itself.

    Example:

    ``Schema("name")`` becomes

    ``{"const": "name"}``

`Regular expressions <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/regular_expressions.html>`_
    Use ``Regex``.

    Example:

    ``Regex("^v\d+")`` becomes

    ``{'type': 'string', 'pattern': '^v\\d+'}``

`Annotations (title and description) <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/generic.html#annotations>`_
    You can use the ``name`` and ``description`` parameters of the ``Schema`` object init method.

    To add description to keys, replace a str with a ``Literal`` object.

    Example:

    ``Schema({Literal("test", description="A description"): str})``

    is equivalent to

    ``Schema({"test": str})``

    with the description added to the resulting JSON schema.

`Combining schemas with allOf <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/combining.html#allof>`_
    Use ``And``

    Example:

    ``Schema(And(str, "value")``

    becomes

    ``{"allOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"const": "value"}]}``

    Note that this example is not really useful in the real world, since ``const`` already implies the type.

`Combining schemas with anyOf <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/combining.html#anyof>`_
    Use ``Or``

    Example:

    ``Schema(Or(str, int))``

    becomes

    ``{"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]}``


Not implemented
'''''''''''''''

The following JSON schema validations cannot be generated from this library.

- `String length <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/string.html#length>`_
    However, those can be implemented using ``Regex``
- `String format <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/string.html#format>`_
    However, those can be implemented using ``Regex``
- `Object dependencies <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/object.html#dependencies>`_
- `Array length <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/array.html#length>`_
- `Array uniqueness <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/array.html#uniqueness>`_
- `Numeric multiples <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/numeric.html#multiples>`_
- `Numeric ranges <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/numeric.html#range>`_
- `Property Names <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/object.html#property-names>`_
    Not implemented. We suggest listing the possible keys instead. As a tip, you can use ``Or`` as a dict key.

    Example:

    ``Schema({Or("name1", "name2"): str})``
- `Annotations (default and examples) <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/generic.html#annotations>`_
- `Combining schemas with oneOf <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/combining.html#oneof>`_
- `Not <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/combining.html#not>`_
- `Object size <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/object.html#size>`_


JSON: Minimizing output size
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Explicit Reuse
''''''''''''''

If your JSON schema is big and has a lot of repetition, it can be made simpler and smaller by defining Schema objects as reference.
These references will be placed in a "definitions" section in the main schema.

`You can look at the JSON schema documentation for more information <https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/structuring.html#reuse>`_

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Optional, Schema
    >>> import json
    >>> s = Schema({"test": str,
    ...             "nested": Schema({Optional("other"): str}, name="nested", as_reference=True)
    ...             })
    >>> json_schema = json.dumps(s.json_schema("https://example.com/my-schema.json"), indent=4)

    # json_schema
    {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "test": {
                "type": "string"
            },
            "nested": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/nested"
            }
        },
        "required": [
            "test",
            "nested"
        ],
        "additionalProperties": false,
        "$id": "https://example.com/my-schema.json",
        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
        "definitions": {
            "nested": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "other": {
                        "type": "string"
                    }
                },
                "required": [],
                "additionalProperties": false
            }
        }
    }

This becomes really useful when using the same object several times

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Optional, Or, Schema
    >>> import json
    >>> language_configuration = Schema({"autocomplete": bool, "stop_words": [str]}, name="language", as_reference=True)
    >>> s = Schema({Or("ar", "cs", "de", "el", "eu", "en", "es", "fr"): language_configuration})
    >>> json_schema = json.dumps(s.json_schema("https://example.com/my-schema.json"), indent=4)

    # json_schema
    {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "ar": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            },
            "cs": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            },
            "de": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            },
            "el": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            },
            "eu": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            },
            "en": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            },
            "es": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            },
            "fr": {
                "$ref": "#/definitions/language"
            }
        },
        "required": [],
        "additionalProperties": false,
        "$id": "https://example.com/my-schema.json",
        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
        "definitions": {
            "language": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "autocomplete": {
                        "type": "boolean"
                    },
                    "stop_words": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {
                            "type": "string"
                        }
                    }
                },
                "required": [
                    "autocomplete",
                    "stop_words"
                ],
                "additionalProperties": false
            }
        }
    }

Automatic reuse
'''''''''''''''

If you want to minimize the output size without using names explicitly, you can have the library generate hashes of parts of the output JSON
schema and use them as references throughout.

Enable this behaviour by providing the parameter ``use_refs`` to the json_schema method.

Be aware that this method is less often compatible with IDEs and JSON schema libraries.
It produces a JSON schema that is more difficult to read by humans.

.. code:: python

    >>> from schema import Optional, Or, Schema
    >>> import json
    >>> language_configuration = Schema({"autocomplete": bool, "stop_words": [str]})
    >>> s = Schema({Or("ar", "cs", "de", "el", "eu", "en", "es", "fr"): language_configuration})
    >>> json_schema = json.dumps(s.json_schema("https://example.com/my-schema.json", use_refs=True), indent=4)

    # json_schema
    {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "ar": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "autocomplete": {
                        "type": "boolean",
                        "$id": "#6456104181059880193"
                    },
                    "stop_words": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {
                            "type": "string",
                            "$id": "#1856069563381977338"
                        }
                    }
                },
                "required": [
                    "autocomplete",
                    "stop_words"
                ],
                "additionalProperties": false
            },
            "cs": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "autocomplete": {
                        "$ref": "#6456104181059880193"
                    },
                    "stop_words": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {
                            "$ref": "#1856069563381977338"
                        },
                        "$id": "#-5377945144312515805"
                    }
                },
                "required": [
                    "autocomplete",
                    "stop_words"
                ],
                "additionalProperties": false
            },
            "de": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "autocomplete": {
                        "$ref": "#6456104181059880193"
                    },
                    "stop_words": {
                        "$ref": "#-5377945144312515805"
                    }
                },
                "required": [
                    "autocomplete",
                    "stop_words"
                ],
                "additionalProperties": false,
                "$id": "#-8142886105174600858"
            },
            "el": {
                "$ref": "#-8142886105174600858"
            },
            "eu": {
                "$ref": "#-8142886105174600858"
            },
            "en": {
                "$ref": "#-8142886105174600858"
            },
            "es": {
                "$ref": "#-8142886105174600858"
            },
            "fr": {
                "$ref": "#-8142886105174600858"
            }
        },
        "required": [],
        "additionalProperties": false,
        "$id": "https://example.com/my-schema.json",
        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#"
    }