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Filename : ostruct.rb
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#
# = ostruct.rb: OpenStruct implementation
#
# Author:: Yukihiro Matsumoto
# Documentation:: Gavin Sinclair
#
# OpenStruct allows the creation of data objects with arbitrary attributes.
# See OpenStruct for an example.
#

#
# An OpenStruct is a data structure, similar to a Hash, that allows the
# definition of arbitrary attributes with their accompanying values. This is
# accomplished by using Ruby's metaprogramming to define methods on the class
# itself.
#
# == Examples:
#
#   require 'ostruct'
#
#   person = OpenStruct.new
#   person.name    = "John Smith"
#   person.age     = 70
#   person.pension = 300
#
#   puts person.name     # -> "John Smith"
#   puts person.age      # -> 70
#   puts person.address  # -> nil
#
# An OpenStruct employs a Hash internally to store the methods and values and
# can even be initialized with one:
#
#   australia = OpenStruct.new(:country => "Australia", :population => 20_000_000)
#   p australia   # -> <OpenStruct country="Australia" population=20000000>
#
# Hash keys with spaces or characters that would normally not be able to use for
# method calls (e.g. ()[]*) will not be immediately available on the
# OpenStruct object as a method for retrieval or assignment, but can be still be
# reached through the Object#send method.
#
#   measurements = OpenStruct.new("length (in inches)" => 24)
#   measurements.send("length (in inches)")  # -> 24
#
#   data_point = OpenStruct.new(:queued? => true)
#   data_point.queued?                       # -> true
#   data_point.send("queued?=",false)
#   data_point.queued?                       # -> false
#
# Removing the presence of a method requires the execution the delete_field
# method as setting the property value to +nil+ will not remove the method.
#
#   first_pet = OpenStruct.new(:name => 'Rowdy', :owner => 'John Smith')
#   first_pet.owner = nil
#   second_pet = OpenStruct.new(:name => 'Rowdy')
#
#   first_pet == second_pet   # -> false
#
#   first_pet.delete_field(:owner)
#   first_pet == second_pet   # -> true
#
#
# == Implementation:
#
# An OpenStruct utilizes Ruby's method lookup structure to and find and define
# the necessary methods for properties. This is accomplished through the method
# method_missing and define_method.
#
# This should be a consideration if there is a concern about the performance of
# the objects that are created, as there is much more overhead in the setting
# of these properties compared to using a Hash or a Struct.
#
class OpenStruct
  #
  # Creates a new OpenStruct object.  By default, the resulting OpenStruct
  # object will have no attributes.
  #
  # The optional +hash+, if given, will generate attributes and values.
  # For example:
  #
  #   require 'ostruct'
  #   hash = { "country" => "Australia", :population => 20_000_000 }
  #   data = OpenStruct.new(hash)
  #
  #   p data        # -> <OpenStruct country="Australia" population=20000000>
  #
  def initialize(hash=nil)
    @table = {}
    if hash
      for k,v in hash
        @table[k.to_sym] = v
        new_ostruct_member(k)
      end
    end
  end

  # Duplicate an OpenStruct object members.
  def initialize_copy(orig)
    super
    @table = @table.dup
  end

  #
  # Provides marshalling support for use by the Marshal library. Returning the
  # underlying Hash table that contains the functions defined as the keys and
  # the values assigned to them.
  #
  #    require 'ostruct'
  #
  #    person = OpenStruct.new
  #    person.name = 'John Smith'
  #    person.age  = 70
  #
  #    person.marshal_dump # => { :name => 'John Smith', :age => 70 }
  #
  def marshal_dump
    @table
  end

  #
  # Provides marshalling support for use by the Marshal library. Accepting
  # a Hash of keys and values which will be used to populate the internal table
  #
  #    require 'ostruct'
  #
  #    event = OpenStruct.new
  #    hash = { 'time' => Time.now, 'title' => 'Birthday Party' }
  #    event.marshal_load(hash)
  #    event.title # => 'Birthday Party'
  #
  def marshal_load(x)
    @table = x
    @table.each_key{|key| new_ostruct_member(key)}
  end

  #
  # #modifiable is used internally to check if the OpenStruct is able to be
  # modified before granting access to the internal Hash table to be modified.
  #
  def modifiable
    begin
      @modifiable = true
    rescue
      raise TypeError, "can't modify frozen #{self.class}", caller(3)
    end
    @table
  end
  protected :modifiable

  #
  # new_ostruct_member is used internally to defined properties on the
  # OpenStruct. It does this by using the metaprogramming function
  # define_method for both the getter method and the setter method.
  #
  def new_ostruct_member(name)
    name = name.to_sym
    unless self.respond_to?(name)
      class << self; self; end.class_eval do
        define_method(name) { @table[name] }
        define_method("#{name}=") { |x| modifiable[name] = x }
      end
    end
    name
  end

  def method_missing(mid, *args) # :nodoc:
    mname = mid.id2name
    len = args.length
    if mname.chomp!('=') && mid != :[]=
      if len != 1
        raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{len} for 1)", caller(1)
      end
      modifiable[new_ostruct_member(mname)] = args[0]
    elsif len == 0 && mid != :[]
      @table[mid]
    else
      raise NoMethodError, "undefined method `#{mid}' for #{self}", caller(1)
    end
  end

  #
  # Remove the named field from the object. Returns the value that the field
  # contained if it was defined.
  #
  #   require 'ostruct'
  #
  #   person = OpenStruct.new('name' => 'John Smith', 'age' => 70)
  #
  #   person.delete_field('name')  # => 'John Smith'
  #
  def delete_field(name)
    sym = name.to_sym
    singleton_class.__send__(:remove_method, sym, "#{name}=")
    @table.delete sym
  end

  InspectKey = :__inspect_key__ # :nodoc:

  #
  # Returns a string containing a detailed summary of the keys and values.
  #
  def inspect
    str = "#<#{self.class}"

    ids = (Thread.current[InspectKey] ||= [])
    if ids.include?(object_id)
      return str << ' ...>'
    end

    ids << object_id
    begin
      first = true
      for k,v in @table
        str << "," unless first
        first = false
        str << " #{k}=#{v.inspect}"
      end
      return str << '>'
    ensure
      ids.pop
    end
  end
  alias :to_s :inspect

  attr_reader :table # :nodoc:
  protected :table

  #
  # Compares this object and +other+ for equality.  An OpenStruct is equal to
  # +other+ when +other+ is an OpenStruct and the two object's Hash tables are
  # equal.
  #
  def ==(other)
    return false unless(other.kind_of?(OpenStruct))
    return @table == other.table
  end
end