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===================================== The Internal Structure of Python Eggs ===================================== STOP! This is not the first document you should read! ---------------------- Eggs and their Formats ---------------------- A "Python egg" is a logical structure embodying the release of a specific version of a Python project, comprising its code, resources, and metadata. There are multiple formats that can be used to physically encode a Python egg, and others can be developed. However, a key principle of Python eggs is that they should be discoverable and importable. That is, it should be possible for a Python application to easily and efficiently find out what eggs are present on a system, and to ensure that the desired eggs' contents are importable. There are two basic formats currently implemented for Python eggs: 1. ``.egg`` format: a directory or zipfile *containing* the project's code and resources, along with an ``EGG-INFO`` subdirectory that contains the project's metadata 2. ``.egg-info`` format: a file or directory placed *adjacent* to the project's code and resources, that directly contains the project's metadata. Both formats can include arbitrary Python code and resources, including static data files, package and non-package directories, Python modules, C extension modules, and so on. But each format is optimized for different purposes. The ``.egg`` format is well-suited to distribution and the easy uninstallation or upgrades of code, since the project is essentially self-contained within a single directory or file, unmingled with any other projects' code or resources. It also makes it possible to have multiple versions of a project simultaneously installed, such that individual programs can select the versions they wish to use. The ``.egg-info`` format, on the other hand, was created to support backward-compatibility, performance, and ease of installation for system packaging tools that expect to install all projects' code and resources to a single directory (e.g. ``site-packages``). Placing the metadata in that same directory simplifies the installation process, since it isn't necessary to create ``.pth`` files or otherwise modify ``sys.path`` to include each installed egg. Its disadvantage, however, is that it provides no support for clean uninstallation or upgrades, and of course only a single version of a project can be installed to a given directory. Thus, support from a package management tool is required. (This is why setuptools' "install" command refers to this type of egg installation as "single-version, externally managed".) Also, they lack sufficient data to allow them to be copied from their installation source. easy_install can "ship" an application by copying ``.egg`` files or directories to a target location, but it cannot do this for ``.egg-info`` installs, because there is no way to tell what code and resources belong to a particular egg -- there may be several eggs "scrambled" together in a single installation location, and the ``.egg-info`` format does not currently include a way to list the files that were installed. (This may change in a future version.) Code and Resources ================== The layout of the code and resources is dictated by Python's normal import layout, relative to the egg's "base location". For the ``.egg`` format, the base location is the ``.egg`` itself. That is, adding the ``.egg`` filename or directory name to ``sys.path`` makes its contents importable. For the ``.egg-info`` format, however, the base location is the directory that *contains* the ``.egg-info``, and thus it is the directory that must be added to ``sys.path`` to make the egg importable. (Note that this means that the "normal" installation of a package to a ``sys.path`` directory is sufficient to make it an "egg" if it has an ``.egg-info`` file or directory installed alongside of it.) Project Metadata ================= If eggs contained only code and resources, there would of course be no difference between them and any other directory or zip file on ``sys.path``. Thus, metadata must also be included, using a metadata file or directory. For the ``.egg`` format, the metadata is placed in an ``EGG-INFO`` subdirectory, directly within the ``.egg`` file or directory. For the ``.egg-info`` format, metadata is stored directly within the ``.egg-info`` directory itself. The minimum project metadata that all eggs must have is a standard Python ``PKG-INFO`` file, named ``PKG-INFO`` and placed within the metadata directory appropriate to the format. Because it's possible for this to be the only metadata file included, ``.egg-info`` format eggs are not required to be a directory; they can just be a ``.egg-info`` file that directly contains the ``PKG-INFO`` metadata. This eliminates the need to create a directory just to store one file. This option is *not* available for ``.egg`` formats, since setuptools always includes other metadata. (In fact, setuptools itself never generates ``.egg-info`` files, either; the support for using files was added so that the requirement could easily be satisfied by other tools, such as distutils). In addition to the ``PKG-INFO`` file, an egg's metadata directory may also include files and directories representing various forms of optional standard metadata (see the section on `Standard Metadata`_, below) or user-defined metadata required by the project. For example, some projects may define a metadata format to describe their application plugins, and metadata in this format would then be included by plugin creators in their projects' metadata directories. Filename-Embedded Metadata ========================== To allow introspection of installed projects and runtime resolution of inter-project dependencies, a certain amount of information is embedded in egg filenames. At a minimum, this includes the project name, and ideally will also include the project version number. Optionally, it can also include the target Python version and required runtime platform if platform-specific C code is included. The syntax of an egg filename is as follows:: name ["-" version ["-py" pyver ["-" required_platform]]] "." ext The "name" and "version" should be escaped using the ``to_filename()`` function provided by ``pkg_resources``, after first processing them with ``safe_name()`` and ``safe_version()`` respectively. These latter two functions can also be used to later "unescape" these parts of the filename. (For a detailed description of these transformations, please see the "Parsing Utilities" section of the ``pkg_resources`` manual.) The "pyver" string is the Python major version, as found in the first 3 characters of ``sys.version``. "required_platform" is essentially a distutils ``get_platform()`` string, but with enhancements to properly distinguish Mac OS versions. (See the ``get_build_platform()`` documentation in the "Platform Utilities" section of the ``pkg_resources`` manual for more details.) Finally, the "ext" is either ``.egg`` or ``.egg-info``, as appropriate for the egg's format. Normally, an egg's filename should include at least the project name and version, as this allows the runtime system to find desired project versions without having to read the egg's PKG-INFO to determine its version number. Setuptools, however, only includes the version number in the filename when an ``.egg`` file is built using the ``bdist_egg`` command, or when an ``.egg-info`` directory is being installed by the ``install_egg_info`` command. When generating metadata for use with the original source tree, it only includes the project name, so that the directory will not have to be renamed each time the project's version changes. This is especially important when version numbers change frequently, and the source metadata directory is kept under version control with the rest of the project. (As would be the case when the project's source includes project-defined metadata that is not generated from by setuptools from data in the setup script.) Egg Links ========= In addition to the ``.egg`` and ``.egg-info`` formats, there is a third egg-related extension that you may encounter on occasion: ``.egg-link`` files. These files are not eggs, strictly speaking. They simply provide a way to reference an egg that is not physically installed in the desired location. They exist primarily as a cross-platform alternative to symbolic links, to support "installing" code that is being developed in a different location than the desired installation location. For example, if a user is developing an application plugin in their home directory, but the plugin needs to be "installed" in an application plugin directory, running "setup.py develop -md /path/to/app/plugins" will install an ``.egg-link`` file in ``/path/to/app/plugins``, that tells the egg runtime system where to find the actual egg (the user's project source directory and its ``.egg-info`` subdirectory). ``.egg-link`` files are named following the format for ``.egg`` and ``.egg-info`` names, but only the project name is included; no version, Python version, or platform information is included. When the runtime searches for available eggs, ``.egg-link`` files are opened and the actual egg file/directory name is read from them. Each ``.egg-link`` file should contain a single file or directory name, with no newlines. This filename should be the base location of one or more eggs. That is, the name must either end in ``.egg``, or else it should be the parent directory of one or more ``.egg-info`` format eggs. As of setuptools 0.6c6, the path may be specified as a platform-independent (i.e. ``/``-separated) relative path from the directory containing the ``.egg-link`` file, and a second line may appear in the file, specifying a platform-independent relative path from the egg's base directory to its setup script directory. This allows installation tools such as EasyInstall to find the project's setup directory and build eggs or perform other setup commands on it. ----------------- Standard Metadata ----------------- In addition to the minimum required ``PKG-INFO`` metadata, projects can include a variety of standard metadata files or directories, as described below. Except as otherwise noted, these files and directories are automatically generated by setuptools, based on information supplied in the setup script or through analysis of the project's code and resources. Most of these files and directories are generated via "egg-info writers" during execution of the setuptools ``egg_info`` command, and are listed in the ``egg_info.writers`` entry point group defined by setuptools' own ``setup.py`` file. Project authors can register their own metadata writers as entry points in this group (as described in the setuptools manual under "Adding new EGG-INFO Files") to cause setuptools to generate project-specific metadata files or directories during execution of the ``egg_info`` command. It is up to project authors to document these new metadata formats, if they create any. ``.txt`` File Formats ===================== Files described in this section that have ``.txt`` extensions have a simple lexical format consisting of a sequence of text lines, each line terminated by a linefeed character (regardless of platform). Leading and trailing whitespace on each line is ignored, as are blank lines and lines whose first nonblank character is a ``#`` (comment symbol). (This is the parsing format defined by the ``yield_lines()`` function of the ``pkg_resources`` module.) All ``.txt`` files defined by this section follow this format, but some are also "sectioned" files, meaning that their contents are divided into sections, using square-bracketed section headers akin to Windows ``.ini`` format. Note that this does *not* imply that the lines within the sections follow an ``.ini`` format, however. Please see an individual metadata file's documentation for a description of what the lines and section names mean in that particular file. Sectioned files can be parsed using the ``split_sections()`` function; see the "Parsing Utilities" section of the ``pkg_resources`` manual for for details. Dependency Metadata =================== ``requires.txt`` ---------------- This is a "sectioned" text file. Each section is a sequence of "requirements", as parsed by the ``parse_requirements()`` function; please see the ``pkg_resources`` manual for the complete requirement parsing syntax. The first, unnamed section (i.e., before the first section header) in this file is the project's core requirements, which must be installed for the project to function. (Specified using the ``install_requires`` keyword to ``setup()``). The remaining (named) sections describe the project's "extra" requirements, as specified using the ``extras_require`` keyword to ``setup()``. The section name is the name of the optional feature, and the section body lists that feature's dependencies. Note that it is not normally necessary to inspect this file directly; ``pkg_resources.Distribution`` objects have a ``requires()`` method that can be used to obtain ``Requirement`` objects describing the project's core and optional dependencies. ``setup_requires.txt`` ---------------------- Much like ``requires.txt`` except represents the requirements specified by the ``setup_requires`` parameter to the Distribution. ``dependency_links.txt`` ------------------------ A list of dependency URLs, one per line, as specified using the ``dependency_links`` keyword to ``setup()``. These may be direct download URLs, or the URLs of web pages containing direct download links. Please see the setuptools manual for more information on specifying this option. ``depends.txt`` -- Obsolete, do not create! ------------------------------------------- This file follows an identical format to ``requires.txt``, but is obsolete and should not be used. The earliest versions of setuptools required users to manually create and maintain this file, so the runtime still supports reading it, if it exists. The new filename was created so that it could be automatically generated from ``setup()`` information without overwriting an existing hand-created ``depends.txt``, if one was already present in the project's source ``.egg-info`` directory. ``namespace_packages.txt`` -- Namespace Package Metadata ======================================================== A list of namespace package names, one per line, as supplied to the ``namespace_packages`` keyword to ``setup()``. Please see the manuals for setuptools and ``pkg_resources`` for more information about namespace packages. ``entry_points.txt`` -- "Entry Point"/Plugin Metadata ===================================================== This is a "sectioned" text file, whose contents encode the ``entry_points`` keyword supplied to ``setup()``. All sections are named, as the section names specify the entry point groups in which the corresponding section's entry points are registered. Each section is a sequence of "entry point" lines, each parseable using the ``EntryPoint.parse`` classmethod; please see the ``pkg_resources`` manual for the complete entry point parsing syntax. Note that it is not necessary to parse this file directly; the ``pkg_resources`` module provides a variety of APIs to locate and load entry points automatically. Please see the setuptools and ``pkg_resources`` manuals for details on the nature and uses of entry points. The ``scripts`` Subdirectory ============================ This directory is currently only created for ``.egg`` files built by the setuptools ``bdist_egg`` command. It will contain copies of all of the project's "traditional" scripts (i.e., those specified using the ``scripts`` keyword to ``setup()``). This is so that they can be reconstituted when an ``.egg`` file is installed. The scripts are placed here using the distutils' standard ``install_scripts`` command, so any ``#!`` lines reflect the Python installation where the egg was built. But instead of copying the scripts to the local script installation directory, EasyInstall writes short wrapper scripts that invoke the original scripts from inside the egg, after ensuring that sys.path includes the egg and any eggs it depends on. For more about `script wrappers`_, see the section below on `Installation and Path Management Issues`_. Zip Support Metadata ==================== ``native_libs.txt`` ------------------- A list of C extensions and other dynamic link libraries contained in the egg, one per line. Paths are ``/``-separated and relative to the egg's base location. This file is generated as part of ``bdist_egg`` processing, and as such only appears in ``.egg`` files (and ``.egg`` directories created by unpacking them). It is used to ensure that all libraries are extracted from a zipped egg at the same time, in case there is any direct linkage between them. Please see the `Zip File Issues`_ section below for more information on library and resource extraction from ``.egg`` files. ``eager_resources.txt`` ----------------------- A list of resource files and/or directories, one per line, as specified via the ``eager_resources`` keyword to ``setup()``. Paths are ``/``-separated and relative to the egg's base location. Resource files or directories listed here will be extracted simultaneously, if any of the named resources are extracted, or if any native libraries listed in ``native_libs.txt`` are extracted. Please see the setuptools manual for details on what this feature is used for and how it works, as well as the `Zip File Issues`_ section below. ``zip-safe`` and ``not-zip-safe`` --------------------------------- These are zero-length files, and either one or the other should exist. If ``zip-safe`` exists, it means that the project will work properly when installed as an ``.egg`` zipfile, and conversely the existence of ``not-zip-safe`` means the project should not be installed as an ``.egg`` file. The ``zip_safe`` option to setuptools' ``setup()`` determines which file will be written. If the option isn't provided, setuptools attempts to make its own assessment of whether the package can work, based on code and content analysis. If neither file is present at installation time, EasyInstall defaults to assuming that the project should be unzipped. (Command-line options to EasyInstall, however, take precedence even over an existing ``zip-safe`` or ``not-zip-safe`` file.) Note that these flag files appear only in ``.egg`` files generated by ``bdist_egg``, and in ``.egg`` directories created by unpacking such an ``.egg`` file. ``top_level.txt`` -- Conflict Management Metadata ================================================= This file is a list of the top-level module or package names provided by the project, one Python identifier per line. Subpackages are not included; a project containing both a ``foo.bar`` and a ``foo.baz`` would include only one line, ``foo``, in its ``top_level.txt``. This data is used by ``pkg_resources`` at runtime to issue a warning if an egg is added to ``sys.path`` when its contained packages may have already been imported. (It was also once used to detect conflicts with non-egg packages at installation time, but in more recent versions, setuptools installs eggs in such a way that they always override non-egg packages, thus preventing a problem from arising.) ``SOURCES.txt`` -- Source Files Manifest ======================================== This file is roughly equivalent to the distutils' ``MANIFEST`` file. The differences are as follows: * The filenames always use ``/`` as a path separator, which must be converted back to a platform-specific path whenever they are read. * The file is automatically generated by setuptools whenever the ``egg_info`` or ``sdist`` commands are run, and it is *not* user-editable. Although this metadata is included with distributed eggs, it is not actually used at runtime for any purpose. Its function is to ensure that setuptools-built *source* distributions can correctly discover what files are part of the project's source, even if the list had been generated using revision control metadata on the original author's system. In other words, ``SOURCES.txt`` has little or no runtime value for being included in distributed eggs, and it is possible that future versions of the ``bdist_egg`` and ``install_egg_info`` commands will strip it before installation or distribution. Therefore, do not rely on its being available outside of an original source directory or source distribution. ------------------------------ Other Technical Considerations ------------------------------ Zip File Issues =============== Although zip files resemble directories, they are not fully substitutable for them. Most platforms do not support loading dynamic link libraries contained in zipfiles, so it is not possible to directly import C extensions from ``.egg`` zipfiles. Similarly, there are many existing libraries -- whether in Python or C -- that require actual operating system filenames, and do not work with arbitrary "file-like" objects or in-memory strings, and thus cannot operate directly on the contents of zip files. To address these issues, the ``pkg_resources`` module provides a "resource API" to support obtaining either the contents of a resource, or a true operating system filename for the resource. If the egg containing the resource is a directory, the resource's real filename is simply returned. However, if the egg is a zipfile, then the resource is first extracted to a cache directory, and the filename within the cache is returned. The cache directory is determined by the ``pkg_resources`` API; please see the ``set_cache_path()`` and ``get_default_cache()`` documentation for details. The Extraction Process ---------------------- Resources are extracted to a cache subdirectory whose name is based on the enclosing ``.egg`` filename and the path to the resource. If there is already a file of the correct name, size, and timestamp, its filename is returned to the requester. Otherwise, the desired file is extracted first to a temporary name generated using ``mkstemp(".$extract",target_dir)``, and then its timestamp is set to match the one in the zip file, before renaming it to its final name. (Some collision detection and resolution code is used to handle the fact that Windows doesn't overwrite files when renaming.) If a resource directory is requested, all of its contents are recursively extracted in this fashion, to ensure that the directory name can be used as if it were valid all along. If the resource requested for extraction is listed in the ``native_libs.txt`` or ``eager_resources.txt`` metadata files, then *all* resources listed in *either* file will be extracted before the requested resource's filename is returned, thus ensuring that all C extensions and data used by them will be simultaneously available. Extension Import Wrappers ------------------------- Since Python's built-in zip import feature does not support loading C extension modules from zipfiles, the setuptools ``bdist_egg`` command generates special import wrappers to make it work. The wrappers are ``.py`` files (along with corresponding ``.pyc`` and/or ``.pyo`` files) that have the same module name as the corresponding C extension. These wrappers are located in the same package directory (or top-level directory) within the zipfile, so that say, ``foomodule.so`` will get a corresponding ``foo.py``, while ``bar/baz.pyd`` will get a corresponding ``bar/baz.py``. These wrapper files contain a short stanza of Python code that asks ``pkg_resources`` for the filename of the corresponding C extension, then reloads the module using the obtained filename. This will cause ``pkg_resources`` to first ensure that all of the egg's C extensions (and any accompanying "eager resources") are extracted to the cache before attempting to link to the C library. Note, by the way, that ``.egg`` directories will also contain these wrapper files. However, Python's default import priority is such that C extensions take precedence over same-named Python modules, so the import wrappers are ignored unless the egg is a zipfile. Installation and Path Management Issues ======================================= Python's initial setup of ``sys.path`` is very dependent on the Python version and installation platform, as well as how Python was started (i.e., script vs. ``-c`` vs. ``-m`` vs. interactive interpreter). In fact, Python also provides only two relatively robust ways to affect ``sys.path`` outside of direct manipulation in code: the ``PYTHONPATH`` environment variable, and ``.pth`` files. However, with no cross-platform way to safely and persistently change environment variables, this leaves ``.pth`` files as EasyInstall's only real option for persistent configuration of ``sys.path``. But ``.pth`` files are rather strictly limited in what they are allowed to do normally. They add directories only to the *end* of ``sys.path``, after any locally-installed ``site-packages`` directory, and they are only processed *in* the ``site-packages`` directory to start with. This is a double whammy for users who lack write access to that directory, because they can't create a ``.pth`` file that Python will read, and even if a sympathetic system administrator adds one for them that calls ``site.addsitedir()`` to allow some other directory to contain ``.pth`` files, they won't be able to install newer versions of anything that's installed in the systemwide ``site-packages``, because their paths will still be added *after* ``site-packages``. So EasyInstall applies two workarounds to solve these problems. The first is that EasyInstall leverages ``.pth`` files' "import" feature to manipulate ``sys.path`` and ensure that anything EasyInstall adds to a ``.pth`` file will always appear before both the standard library and the local ``site-packages`` directories. Thus, it is always possible for a user who can write a Python-read ``.pth`` file to ensure that their packages come first in their own environment. Second, when installing to a ``PYTHONPATH`` directory (as opposed to a "site" directory like ``site-packages``) EasyInstall will also install a special version of the ``site`` module. Because it's in a ``PYTHONPATH`` directory, this module will get control before the standard library version of ``site`` does. It will record the state of ``sys.path`` before invoking the "real" ``site`` module, and then afterwards it processes any ``.pth`` files found in ``PYTHONPATH`` directories, including all the fixups needed to ensure that eggs always appear before the standard library in sys.path, but are in a relative order to one another that is defined by their ``PYTHONPATH`` and ``.pth``-prescribed sequence. The net result of these changes is that ``sys.path`` order will be as follows at runtime: 1. The ``sys.argv[0]`` directory, or an empty string if no script is being executed. 2. All eggs installed by EasyInstall in any ``.pth`` file in each ``PYTHONPATH`` directory, in order first by ``PYTHONPATH`` order, then normal ``.pth`` processing order (which is to say alphabetical by ``.pth`` filename, then by the order of listing within each ``.pth`` file). 3. All eggs installed by EasyInstall in any ``.pth`` file in each "site" directory (such as ``site-packages``), following the same ordering rules as for the ones on ``PYTHONPATH``. 4. The ``PYTHONPATH`` directories themselves, in their original order 5. Any paths from ``.pth`` files found on ``PYTHONPATH`` that were *not* eggs installed by EasyInstall, again following the same relative ordering rules. 6. The standard library and "site" directories, along with the contents of any ``.pth`` files found in the "site" directories. Notice that sections 1, 4, and 6 comprise the "normal" Python setup for ``sys.path``. Sections 2 and 3 are inserted to support eggs, and section 5 emulates what the "normal" semantics of ``.pth`` files on ``PYTHONPATH`` would be if Python natively supported them. For further discussion of the tradeoffs that went into this design, as well as notes on the actual magic inserted into ``.pth`` files to make them do these things, please see also the following messages to the distutils-SIG mailing list: * http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2006-February/006026.html * http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2006-March/006123.html Script Wrappers --------------- EasyInstall never directly installs a project's original scripts to a script installation directory. Instead, it writes short wrapper scripts that first ensure that the project's dependencies are active on sys.path, before invoking the original script. These wrappers have a #! line that points to the version of Python that was used to install them, and their second line is always a comment that indicates the type of script wrapper, the project version required for the script to run, and information identifying the script to be invoked. The format of this marker line is:: "# EASY-INSTALL-" script_type ": " tuple_of_strings "\n" The ``script_type`` is one of ``SCRIPT``, ``DEV-SCRIPT``, or ``ENTRY-SCRIPT``. The ``tuple_of_strings`` is a comma-separated sequence of Python string constants. For ``SCRIPT`` and ``DEV-SCRIPT`` wrappers, there are two strings: the project version requirement, and the script name (as a filename within the ``scripts`` metadata directory). For ``ENTRY-SCRIPT`` wrappers, there are three: the project version requirement, the entry point group name, and the entry point name. (See the "Automatic Script Creation" section in the setuptools manual for more information about entry point scripts.) In each case, the project version requirement string will be a string parseable with the ``pkg_resources`` modules' ``Requirement.parse()`` classmethod. The only difference between a ``SCRIPT`` wrapper and a ``DEV-SCRIPT`` is that a ``DEV-SCRIPT`` actually executes the original source script in the project's source tree, and is created when the "setup.py develop" command is run. A ``SCRIPT`` wrapper, on the other hand, uses the "installed" script written to the ``EGG-INFO/scripts`` subdirectory of the corresponding ``.egg`` zipfile or directory. (``.egg-info`` eggs do not have script wrappers associated with them, except in the "setup.py develop" case.) The purpose of including the marker line in generated script wrappers is to facilitate introspection of installed scripts, and their relationship to installed eggs. For example, an uninstallation tool could use this data to identify what scripts can safely be removed, and/or identify what scripts would stop working if a particular egg is uninstalled.